Comparing Carnap And Popper Propose Two Different Criteria

Carnap and Popper propose two different criteria of demarcation. Carnap proposes that theories be declared scientific based on whether they can be tested, at least in principle, and labels this his verification criteria. Popper’s method is based on whether a theory has empirical content which is the set of all possible excluded events proposed by a theory. The question is, is it possible to agree with both of these criteria? I would say no. The above criteria, by themselves, are not enough to govern demarcation. Both of these, while necessary, are not sufficient enough to conclude that a certain theory is scientific. Examining logical examples as well as historical events revels how these theories disagree with each other and are limited†¦show more content†¦The sun could not rise and be replaced with another celestial body and the theory would still be scientific according to Carnap’s criteria. Let us consider an example from history. Consider the Phlogiston t heory. This is a rather ancient, now disproven, theory arising in the 17th century that is the predecessor to the theory of combustion. The theory states that all combustible bodies contain Phlogiston. Upon burning, these bodies release Phlogiston to the air. The air can hold a finite amount of Phlogiston after which it is completely phlogisticated and no longer supports burning of a material. Carnap would consider this theory unscientific as it cannot be tested. At the time, there was no way to quantify or measure Phlogiston. No instruments existed at that time period that could have been used to measure Phlogiston which makes the theory unscientific. Who was to say what substances possess and do not possess Phlogiston since it could not be measured? On the other hand, Popper would argue that the theory is scientific as it has empirical content, it excludes non-combustible bodies from having Phlogiston. Let us consider a case where both Carnap and Popper would agree. Compare the Phlogiston theory to modern chemistry and combustion. Both Carnap and Popper would agree that combustion is scientific. Calorimeters exist that can measure heat released from chemical reactions quite easily. Combustion also lays out what happens upon a

The Killer Angels By Michael Shaara - 1117 Words

Michael Shaara’s 1974 historical novel, The Killer Angels, covers the story of the four days of the Battle of Gettysburg that also features maps for visualization. The format of the story is well organized. It begins with a Foreword, which describes in great detail the armies and soldiers involved in the battle. It follows up with four sections and within each section there are chapters that are written in chronological order, covering the events between Monday, June 29, 1863 and Friday, July 3, 1863 in different perspectives. The first to reveal their thoughts is Harrison, the Confederate spy. Harrison reports his findings about the Union to James Longstreet. As a result, Robert E. Lee decides to move his troops to Gettysburg. Meanwhile, Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain proceeds to move his soldiers north. When John Buford, commander of the Union Cavalry, enters Gettysburg, he notices the Confederate infantry. Eventually, the armies clash. That was the mark of the beginning of the battle between the Union and the Confederates. Soon the rest of the Union army heard of the confrontation, so they prepared for battle. The Union and the Confederate army continued to plot plans against each other and fight for the next few days. Nonetheless, they both had their ups and downs. The characters are drawn from the words of the men themselves. In fact, Shaara states that he used letters and documents as sources. However, it is Shaara’s own interpretation of the characters. Shaara’sShow MoreRelatedThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1634 Words   |  7 PagesPulitzer Prize-winning author Michael Shaara, the author of The Killer Angels, was born on June 23, 1928 in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was an author of science fiction, sports fiction, and historical fiction. Although writing was his passion, Shaara was very athletically successful in high school, winning more awards than any other student in the history of the school for sports such as basketball, tra ck and baseball. He acquired a skill in boxing, and of the 18 matches Shaara fought as a young man, heRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1290 Words   |  6 Pages The Killer Angels Essay â€Å"There is no honorable way to kill, no gentle way to destroy. There is nothing good in war. Except its ending.† Stated by Abraham Lincoln, this quote embodies the essence of war, its tragic character and unfortunate occasional necessity. Accordingly, the outcome of war and its battles is often determined by the attitudes of the leaders of the opposing sides, including their causes for the willingness to fight and to be fought. Such was the case with the Battle of GettysburgRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe book The Killer Angels was published in 1975 by the Ballatine Booksand was written by Michael Shaara. The Killer Angels is a historic novel about the time of the American Civil War, more specifically The Battle of Gettysburg. Shaara wrote this historical masterpiece with the sole purpose of letting the reader know exactly how the war was for the men actually putting their lives on the line to get this great country of America to the stature it is today. In order to accomplish his goal of creatingRead MoreThe Killer Angel By Michael Shaara1248 Words   |  5 Pages The Killer Angel is a book elaborating on the history of the American civil war authored by Michael Shaara. 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Lee, Joshua Chamberlain, James Longstreet, and John Buford, and the other men involved in the actionRead MoreKiller Angels By Michael Shaara850 Words   |  4 Pages In the Pulitzer Prize winning civil war novel Killer Angels, Michael Shaara covers five days of the historic battle between the Northern and Southern United States at Gettysburg. Both the North and the South fought for freedom, although they did not have equivalent definitions of freedom. The North and the South were unwavering in their beliefs and their hope for a better United States, but what the two butted heads the most on was slavery. The South was a primarily agrarian region which reliedRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pages In the novel The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara, the story is told from the perspective of the men that fough t in the war of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania on July 1863. 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This amazing Novel shows how neighborRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Micha el Shaara852 Words   |  4 PagesThe Killer Angels by Michael Shaara was not just a fiction novel, it was a story of a man who actually saw the battlefield of Gettysburg and learned about the battle and its importance. When he returned from the battle sight he decided to write a novel based on his experience there. Instead of creating fictional characters he used the names and experiences he had directly with the main characters of the novel. Not only did Shaara study and review letters, documents and journal enteries of the menRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1206 Words   |  5 PagesShawn Gacy American Lit. Mrs. Moyer September 11, 2015 Summer Reading The book I chose to read over the summer was the book The Killer Angels, by Michael Shaara. The Killer Angels tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg. 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Management Theory and Practice Apple Inc

Question: Discuss about the Management Theory and Practice for Apple Inc. Answer: Introduction: This essay highlights the ethical dilemma faced by an eminent organisation. This case study has been chosen for this essay is Apple Inc. In the organisational development approach, this organisation has been suffering from different challenges as well as several ethical problems. These ethical problems will be discussed in this study. As per the statement of Azim et al., (2016), business ethics is a process of applied and professional ethics, which determines the ethical principles as well as morale that arise within the organisational environment. During the operation, Apple Inc. were accused that they treat their employees inhumanly and treat them as machines. In addition, in order to increase the profitability statement and also to reduce the cost structure, Apple Inc. has hired 500000 workers. As a result, the productivity has started to increase in these two factories, which are located in Southern China(Ciulla, 2014). However, after the investigation, it can be observed that th e actual situation of the organisation was worsened than the prediction. There are several cases of unethical behaviour, which have faced by Apple Inc. and the dreadful things, which they put on the workers. This study described two theories about these organisational ethical issues to examine the dilemma. Ethical dilemma makes an effect on the organisational decision making procedure. On the other hand, ethical leadership as well as decision making is the important section of corporate social responsibility of a global company such as Apple Inc. In this essay of managerial ethical theory, multiple theories describes regarding the ethical issues. In this context, this study will describe Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mills Rule based ethical theory during eighteenth century (Conway Gawronski, 2013). Other theory is Virtue based ethical theory, which is older, compared to the Rule based ethical theory. Plato and Aristotle developed this ethical theory. Ethical behaviour of an organisation is affected by different organisational factors. As per the statement of De Wet (2015), the factors are such as business policies of the organisation, behaviour with the employees, organisational culture influence the ethical behaviour of the organisations. The senior decision makers of a company can highlight the organisational ethics. Doyle, Frecknall-Hughes Summers (2014) opined that ethical decision-making is needed to understand the impact of an action plan on the stakeholders. Therefore, it can be inferred that an ethical leader is essential to implement the cost benefit analysis before execute the project especially during the organisational development. Finally, Goetsch Davis (2014) mentioned that during the time of ethical decision making process, organisational ethical leader requires to have courage to implement the ethical action. On the contrary, it can be stated that sometimes organisations suffer from ethical dilemma, as a decisio n can be benefitted for the company, however, conflicts the willingness of the workers. In the opinion of Hair (2015), ethical theory can be differentiated into three categories. These theories are agent centred theory, consequentialist theory and non-consequentialist theory. Consequentialist theory concerns with the ethical outcome of a definite action. On the other hand, non-consequentialist theory highlights the purpose of person making ethical decision compared to the effect of the actions. Lastly, agent centred theory deals with the entire ethical status of the individual employee. Apple Inc. is one of the renowned technology companies in the world. The basic moral principle, which is followed by Apple, is honesty. In this context, Hoffman, Frederick Schwartz (2014) cited that Apple Inc. speculates honesty and also performs ethical behaviour during making business dealings. Apple expects that its workers require to avoid the situations if any confliction or difficulties occur. On the other hand, Apple expects that all of the partners, workers to respect the confidentiality of the organisational information not only to the staffs of the organisation, but also the consumers. According to Hsieh Kramer (2012), Apple also expects that its workers, including the parties whom the company can maintain the greatest standards of business conduct in the global market. Therefore, this organisation is concerned in making of partnership regardless to social disparity in different countries. The above figure depicted that social responsibility of an organisation is depending upon some definite factors such as economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. It is known that social responsibility of Apple Inc. is developing around the world. Recent surveys show that Apple Inc. has been following the above-mentioned four responsibilities. As per the statement of Johnson (2013), Apple is the first company in its class in this field. The growth sales of Iphone have increased by 143% from the last year and revenue earning by this organisation has reached to double from the previous year (from 15.70 billion to 28.57 billion).This proves that Apple is an ideal example, which fulfil its economic responsibility. On the other hand, Apple Inc. has taken step against the unethical conduct. Therefore, Apple has stopped to recruit underage labour in their organisation. Jordan et al., (2013) opined that Apple does not consider dangerous working circumstance in two facilitie s as well as bribery in one facility. Lastly, Apple has done a higher job related with the environmental issues, which range from the removal of toxic material from the manufacturing goods to recycling and also the use of greenhouse gas emission. However, Jussila, Goel Tuominen (2012) argued that Apple Inc. has been suffering from the practice of unethical behaviour in their business. After the employees get hired, they had to work excessive amount of overtime, almost three times as much. In addition, the workers can only take one day week off in each of the two weeks. However, they also do not receive the eligible remuneration, they receive only $17 to $22 as the per day wage rate. This is lower as per their eligibility. With the passage of time, the demand for the products of Apple has been increasing. In order to meet the demand of the consumers, the organisation requires to increase the level of production and hence, the employees are working overtime. As a result, life of the employees is getting miserable. The events in Southern China are disturbing and also upsetting. In this point, Ke Wang (2014) opined that Utilitarianism or rule based theory can maximise the happiness for the employees. On the other hand, the management of Apple Inc. disrespect their employees and also made hard their life. Kennedy, Herring Pieplow (2015) criticised that Apple run their organisations only for their personal gain and therefore, are not concern about the profitability of the individual labour. With the help of Virtue theory, Apple Inc. will be able to gain four virtues such as courage, honesty, justice and temperance. Apple did not have any courage to stop the abuse, as it was wrong and unethical. In addition, they were also not honest to the stakeholders. Temperance was also violated due to the expectation of each of the worker was unreasonable. Lastly, it can be stated that Apple Inc. was not justice for the workers as they did not apologise or reimburse their labours for their terrible treatment. In the words of Reamer (2013), business ethics in an organisation can be regulated by an individual or also by a set of individual. However, it reflects the overall business culture. Ethics highlights the actual course of business action. On the other hand, ethical behaviour is able to boost the sales of an organisation, product development and can also expand the organisational operation. In this present study, the rule based ethical issues and virtue based ethical issues are explained. The rule based ethical issue or utilitarian ethical theory describes the interest of all of the stakeholders of an organisation, who are reflected by the external and internal actions. Therefore, this theory mainly highlights the trade-off between the different decisions of the management and stakeholders. On the other hand, virtue based ethical theory illustrates some definite qualities, which define the ideal behaviour and determine the right action to take. Utilitarian ethical approach is a form of consequentialist theory. As mentioned by Ciulla (2014), if the consequences are moral, then the actions will be good and vice versa. This ethical based theory has developed by Jeremy Bentham. From the above study, it can be observed that business actions in Apple Inc. are not moral. In this point, Bentham mentioned that an act will consider as a moral act if the act has the capacity to produce greatest result for the greatest mass. The mission of Apple is to earn highest profitability as much as possible. Apple universalises technology and information. Hence, the largest number of people worldwide facilitates large unit of information. Chinese government in terms of imposing invisible trade barrier limited the ethics followed by Apple Inc. The decision of the government of Chine restricted the utilitarian ethics trailed by Apple Inc. Now the ethical dilemma in this stage can be discussed if Apple would agree the Chinese government, the organisation would violate the rule-based norm. Moreover, if the organisation would follow its own business ethics, it would violate the code of conduct not to violate the political laws. As a result, Apple Inc. has been suffering from ethical dilemma in case of decision-making procedure. On the contrary, Shin (2012) argued that utilitarian ethics has some limitations in the production of greatest outcomes. However, this ethical approach is great as long as it does not damage anybody. The outcome of Utilitarian approach is restricted if any company reduces the utility of the other stakeholders in case of increasing the companys own utility. In addition, Strom, Sears Kelly (2014) added that utilitarian ethical theory would provide that this approach needs to highlight all the possible courses of action as well as their consequences. Execution of this procedure needs greater interpersonal skills of the organisations managers as well as the leaders. According to the critics of utilitarian theory, it is not possible to measure the happiness of the other employees and also their satisfaction level(Hair, 2015). As a result, it is hard to measure the greatest benefit. Nevertheless, it can be stated from the example of Apple Inc. that the political and complexity makes it di fficult to formulate utilitarian theory based ethics in the purpose of maximising the benefits of the community. Virtue based ethical theory has focused to the internal characteristics of the individual. This theory also describes that within an organisation, it s necessary to develop the connection of trust. The final goal of virtue theory is to take right decision at the right time in the right way. Virtue is a positive behavioural trait, which is helpful to make its possessor a good human being. In addition, Weiss (2014) opined that virtue is differentiated from the single actions as well as the feelings. As per the concept of this theory, a virtue is related with the honesty and it is not just a tendency to do what is honest. Moreover, it can be said that a virtue is not helpfully specified as the desirable or as the morally valuable character trait. According to Zuber Asheim (2012), a virtue is concerned with several actions such as emotions, emotional reactions, choices, desires, attitudes, interests, expectations of the individuals of an organisation. In the words of Nicomachean, it can be mentioned that he highlighted that moral virtues of an organisation is connected with 11 moral virtues. These virtues are such as courage, temperance, liberty, magnificence, magnanimity, appropriate ambition, truthfulness, wittiness, friendliness, modesty, righteous indignation. Among these 11 moral virtues, Apple Inc. did not follow four major virtues and they are courage, honesty, temperance and justice. In the opinion of Conway Gawronski (2013), Apple Inc. were not honest towards the consum ers as well as towards the other stakeholders of the organisation. As per the concept of temperance, it can be noticed that Apple Inc. did not fulfil the expectation of each of the employees. The employees expect that they would receive higher wage rate as they usually got one week off in each of the two weeks. In addition, they had huge work pressure in order to increase the organisational productivity. Therefore, they were suffering from depression. Lastly, the employees did not get justice (Hsieh Kramer, 2012). The organisation did not apologise for this type of organisational practice towards the employees. The employees also did not get the compensation against this type of inhuman practice. Human rights employees work for documenting the human rights violation within a nation. Hence, this activity in Southern China would hit the willingness of some people as well as government (De Wet, 2015). As a result, the virtue activists aim to the social, economic as well as on the cult ural factors. Business ethics is the moral value of a company, which is necessary for the success of an organisation. Business ethics is appropriate for each of the business unit and also for the society. Business ethics are related to the all of the stakeholders of the organisation. The major stakeholders of Apple Inc. are such as consumers, suppliers and also the subordinates. Goetsch Davis (2014) opined that organisation ethics not only reflect the code of conduct within the organisation, but also includes the willingness of the associates and the employees. Moreover, it can be mentioned that each of the strategic decision has ethical values. The objective of a business is to provide the stakeholders an approach, so that they can deal with the moral complications. On the other hand, Hoffman, Frederick Schwartz (2014) cited that some of the ethical values could make a business successful. The first argument is related with the protection of the employees. The company requires to focus to the h ealth, safety as well as the environmental standards of the business. Another ethics can increase the product and service line in order to enhance the resource utilisation. Courage of accumulating new ideas within an organisation and receive the review from the consumers is the ethical practice, which are followed by the organisations in the competitive type market structure. Ethical behaviour requires to highlight the business practices towards the organisational leaders. Ethical behaviour of people will be benefitted to influence the workers as well as to the other stakeholders of the organisation. Ethics shapes the quality of the strategic management of an organisation. Ethics highlights the sustainability in case of decision making procedure. On the other hand, ethical leaders include the positive and the negative values simultaneously ((Doyle, Frecknall-Hughes, Summers, 2014). The leaders also require to consider the rights of the other staffs during the decision making procedure. Therefore, it proves that ethical culture of an organisation considers the other staffs accountable. It raises the collaboration between the co-staffs. Therefore, it can be inferred that the decision-making procedure would be easier. Ethics is related with the communication skill of the managers. In this connection, it can be mentioned that appropriate communication of the managers with the other staffs is needed to follow in the decision making approach. The leaders also require motivating and encouraging the performance of the employees. However, Jordan et al., (2013) argued that ethics and strategy cannot be taken together. Strategy is considered as the rational approach for the company to achieve the success and also face the challenges during the organisational operation. Therefore, critics concludes that strategy conflict the business ethics. Ethics only considers the moral values. Therefore, strategy is highly aggressive in character than the other ethical principle. In addition, Hsieh Kramer (2012) cited that strategy is assumed to be flexible and it can be changed based on the organisational circumstances. Therefore, on case of organisational dilemma, leaders require to have greater interpersonal traits , which can reduce the scope of the development of business risks. Ethical behaviour in a company is influenced by the different organisational determinants. They are policies, regulations of a company. The course of action of a leader affects the stakeholders. An ethical leader requires to perform the cost benefit analysis before formulate a project in case of the organisational development procedure. Apple Inc. has faced ethical dilemma more than one time. This essay has highlighted two ethical concepts, they are rule based ethical theory and virtue based ethical theory. Business operation in Southern China is attractive to the organisation like Apple Inc. However, the company treated with the employees as a machine. Thus, Apple has faced ethical dilemma in the decision making process. Utilitarian theory follows appropriate action in order to produce most feasible goods. Therefore, the morality of this organisation will be developed and also agree to compromise the repressive policies and regulations of the Chinese government. This above mentioned example violates the utilitarian ethical approach regarding the business ethics of Apple Inc. The, morality of this organisation did not sustain during the decision making procedure. As a result, this has a negative impact on the organisational behaviour and thus, the employees of the organisation have been suffering from depression. On the other hand, after analyse the virtue based ethical theory, it can be observed that Apple Inc. did not follow four virtues such as courage, honesty, justice and virtuous in their business. Therefore, it can be inferred that these two examples have restricted the ethical cultural practice of Apple Inc. Lastly, this essay has also described the relationship between the leadership, ethics and the decision making process within a company. Bibliography Azim, M., Sadiq, M. W. (2016). Servicescape under consideration of Hedonic and Utilitarian approach, a Conceptual debate related to customer satisfaction in context of female clothing brand in Pakistan. . European Online Journal of Natural and social sciences , 494. Ciulla, J. B. (2014). Ethics, the heart of leadership. . ABC-CLIO. Conway, P., Gawronski, B. (2013). Deontological and utilitarian inclinations in moral decision making: a process dissociation approach. Journal of personality and social psychology , 104(2), 216. De Wet, C. (2015). Spatial-and Complexity-based Perspectives on the Ethics of Development-induced Displacement and Resettlement. . Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement. , 85-96. Doyle, E., Frecknall-Hughes, J., Summers, B. (2014). Ethics in tax practice: A study of the effect of practitioner firm size. Journal of business ethics. , 122(4), 623-641. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014). Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Hair, J. F. (2015). Essentials of business research methods. Hoffman, W. M., Frederick, R. E., Schwartz, M. S. (2014). Business ethics: Readings and cases in corporate morality. . John Wiley Sons. Hsieh, E., Kramer, E. M. (2012). Medical interpreters as tools: dangers and challenges in the utilitarian approach to interpreters roles and functions.Patient education and counseling. 89(1), 158-162. Ife, J. (2012). Human rights and social work: Towards rights-based practice. . Cambridge University Press. Johnson, C. E. (2013). Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: Casting light or shadow. . Sage Publications. Jordan, J., Brown, M. E., Trevio, L. K., Finkelstein, S. (2013). Someone to look up to executivefollower ethical reasoning and perceptions of ethical leadership. . Journal of Management. , 39(3), 660-683. Jussila, I., Goel, S., Tuominen, H. (2012). Member commitment in co-operatives: The utilitarian approach. . Business and Management Research. , 1(3), p9. Ke, J., Wang, G. G. (2014). China's Ethical Dilemmas Under Globalization and Uncertainty: Implications for HRD. Advances in Developing Human Resources. Kennedy, R. B., Herring, S. D., Pieplow, T. (2015). The General Manager's dilemma: a perfect storm of ethics violations: a case study. . Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science. , 86(2), 127-128. Reamer, F. G. (2013). Social work values and ethics. . Columbia University Press. Shin, Y. (2012). CEO ethical leadership, ethical climate, climate strength, and collective organizational citizenship behavior. . Journal of Business Ethics. , 108(3), 299-312. Strom, D. L., Sears, K. L., Kelly, K. M. (2014). Work engagement the roles of organizational justice and leadership style in predicting engagement among employees. . Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies. , 21(1), 71-82. Weiss, J. W. (2014). Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. . Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Zuber, S., Asheim, G. B. (2012). Justifying social discounting: the rank-discounted utilitarian approach. . Journal of Economic Theory. , 147(4), 1572-1601.

Willa Cathers free essay sample

Paul’s Case by Willa Cather â€Å"Paul entered the faculty room suave and smiling. His clothes were a trifle outgrown and the tan velvet on the collar of his open overcoat was frayed and worn; but for all that there was something of the dandy about him, and he wore an opal pin in his neatly knotted black four-in-hand, and a red carnation in his buttonhole† (P. 160). Even in a situation as serious as getting expelled from school, Paul shows very little empathy for his mistakes. He gives his superiors a bad attitude, snide remarks, and does not seem to have a clear picture of the reality that he may not be let back into school. The only thing that matters to Paul is his life at the theatre. Paul uses many defense mechanisms to dissociate his real life from the fantasy world he has created at Carnegie Hall. Paul is separating his naturally occurring feelings from events or thoughts that are really happening. We will write a custom essay sample on Willa Cathers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although Paul is actually rude and cocky, he still manages to keep a smile on his face which keeps everyone guessing as to what his true nature is. Paul spends most of his time daydreaming and he ends up being late to his job at the theater; even though his job is very important to him and high on his priority list. Paul spends most of his time living in his fantasy world. Paul is described as a bit odd, flamboyant, and very eccentric. He dreams of being famous, but feels like no one will ever understand him. He lies to get his way. When faced with conflict he withdraws from real life, escapes to the theatre, and becomes everything he has ever wanted to be. He is greatly offended by the sight of one of his teachers coming to the theatre to see a show. Carnegie Hall is â€Å"Paul’s World†, and she is not welcome. He is beside himself, does not know what to do, and is very dramatic over the whole situation. In reality Paul is gay and is looking for someone to blame for his homosexuality. Does Paul blame God for making him this way? Is this also a form of his passive aggression? Passive aggression is defined as: Aggression towards others expressed indirectly or passively. Paul is very passive at home. He is being raised by his father, whom Paul speaks politely to, and even seems to be a bit fearful of. When asking for car fare to go see his tutor, Paul is reluctant, shy, and speaks very softly to his father. I believe Paul takes his fear of his father out on everyone else around him, so he does not have any conflict with him. â€Å" He felt no necessity to do any of these things; what he wanted was to see, to be in the atmosphere, float on the wave of it, to be carried out, blue league after blue league, away from everything† (P. 170). Paul defiantly feels more comfortable when he is â€Å"behind the scene†. His actions show that he is not in control of his emotions, and does not know his place in life. With stolen money in hand, Paul runs away, buys a new and expensive wardrobe, and checks into the Waldorf Hotel. â€Å"When he reached the dining-room he sat down at a table near a window. The flowers, the white linen, the many-coloured wine glasses, the gay toilettes of women, the low popping of corks, the undulating repetitions of the Blue Danube from the orchestra, all flooded Paul’s dream with bewildering radiance†(P. 175). Paul feels like â€Å"this†, is what life is all about, the feeling he gets inside when living the life of rich people. Drama is such a huge part of who Paul is on the inside, even if no one else sees him. â€Å"The mere release from the necessity of petty lying, lying every day and every day, restored his self- respect† (P. 177). Even though Paul is in a lot of trouble for stealing money from a law firm, he finally feels at ease for the first time. Knowing that he cannot return home, Paul, with the greatest of drama, decides to take his own life rather than face who he is and what he has done. It was the dead of winter in Newark, where Paul manages to take a short nap, despite the cold, and leaps in front of an oncoming train. â€Å"Then, because the picture making mechanism was crushed, the disturbing visions flashed into black, and Paul dropped into the immense design of things† (P. 180). Who or what is to blame for Paul’s suicide? If this story were written today, with society being more accepting of people who are gay, could there have been a different outcome? Paul needed some psychiatric help and a little understanding, not to take the easy way out.

The Complete The Child Is Father of the Man Wordsworth Quote

The Complete The Child Is Father of the Man Wordsworth Quote William Wordsworth used the expression, The child is the father of the man in his famous 1802 poem, My Heart Leaps Up, also known as The Rainbow. This quote has made its  way into popular culture. What does it mean? My Heart Leaps Up My heart leaps up when I beholdA rainbow in the sky:So was it when my life began;So is it now I am a man;So be it when I shall grow old,Or let me die!The Child is father of the Man;And I could wish my days to beBound each to each by natural piety. What Does the Poem Mean? Wordsworth uses the expression in a very positive sense, noting that seeing a rainbow produced awe and joy when he was a child, and he still felt those emotions as a grown man.  He hopes that these emotions will continue throughout his life, that he will retain that pure joy of youth. He also laments that he would rather die than lose that leap of the heart and youthful enthusiasm.   Also, note that Wordsworth was a lover of geometry, and the use of piety in the last line is a play on the number pi. In the story of Noah in the Bible, the rainbow was given by God as a sign of Gods promise that He would not again destroy the entire earth in a flood. It is the mark of a continuing covenant. That is signaled in the poem by the word bound. Modern Use of The Child Is Father of the Man While Wordsworth used the phrase to express hope that he would retain the joys of youth, we often see this expression used to imply the establishment of both positive and negative traits in youth.  In watching children at play, we notice that they demonstrate certain characteristics which may remain with them into adulthood. One interpretation- the nurture viewpoint- is that it is necessary to instill in children healthy attitudes and positive traits  so they grow up to become balanced individuals.  However, the nature viewpoint notes that children may be born with certain traits, as can be seen in studies of identical twins who were separated at birth. Different traits, attitudes, and experiences are influenced in different ways by both nature and nurture. Certainly, traumatic life experiences in youth inevitably occur which also influence us throughout life. Lessons learned both in positive and negative ways guide us all into adulthood, for better or worse. Other Appearances of the Quote The quote is paraphrased by Cormac McCarthy on the first page of the book Blood Meridian as the child the father of the  man. It also appears in the title of a song by the Beach Boys and an album by Blood, Sweat, and Tears.

Decomposition of Sodium Bicarbonate - Balanced Equation

Decomposition of Sodium Bicarbonate - Balanced Equation The decomposition reaction of sodium bicarbonate or baking soda is an important chemical reaction for baking because it helps baked goods rise. Its also how you can make sodium carbonate, another useful chemical, also called washing soda. The Equation for the Decomposition of Sodium Bicarbonate The balanced equation for the decomposition of sodium bicarbonate into sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide, and water is: 2 NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) CO2(g) H2O(g) Like most chemical reactions, the rate of the reaction depends on temperature. When dry, baking soda doesnt decompose very quickly, although it does have a shelf life, so you should test it before using it as a cooking ingredient or in an experiment. One way to speed up the decomposition of the dry ingredient is by heating it in a warm oven. Baking soda starts to break into washing soda, carbon dioxide, and water at room temperature when mixed with water, which is why you shouldnt store baking soda in an open container or wait too long between mixing a recipe and putting it in the oven. As the temperature increases to the boiling point of water (100 Celcius), the reaction goes to completion, with the  decomposition of all the sodium bicarbonate. Sodium carbonate or washing soda also undergoes a decomposition reaction, although this molecule is more heat-stable than sodium bicarbonate. The balanced equation for the reaction is: Na2CO3(s) → Na2O(s) CO2(g) The decomposition of anhydrous sodium carbonate into sodium oxide and carbon dioxide occurs slowly at room temperature and proceeds to completion at  851 C (1124 K).

Esaay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Esaay - Essay Example Kant comes up with another theory of mind. Here, Kant vividly rejects limitations posed by Hume on human knowledge claiming that mathematics gives us more knowledge regarding the empirical world. He also says that knowledge of facts is along the cause and effect relationship. The manner in which Kant circumvents the challenge by Hume is through coming up with new ways of embracing the workings of the mind. For this reason, Kant observes that human mind transforms information from noumena through turning it into substantial phenomena in help the mind process pure concepts regarding understanding. Copernicus adopted the alternative after seeing the impossibility of explaining the motion for heavenly bodies with reference to the supposition that such bodies moved across the earth as the immovable center (Gupta 78). This also included the supposition of all components to go around the sun. For this reason, Kant supposed on the contrary other than supposing man into moving around objects. He considered himself as the center where all other things moved round him. According to Kant, both empiricism and rationalism are wrong in claiming that human beings can possess all knowledge of things within themselves. Further, rationalists go wrong in not trusting senses within in the phenomenal world where senses form part of decision-making processes. Rationalists are in order are well within â€Å"innate ideas† even though not in sense of forms by Plato similar to the argument of the wax in Descartes. Hume is inaccurate as claims of self-concept are unsupported by senses (Lawhead 63). The experiencing self remains one of the pre-conditions in engaging such experiences (this way, Descartes was right). Kant adds that Hume was wrong in the perspective that the future resembles the past solely due to â€Å"habit and custom†. This way, morality provides the crucial linkage to the phenomenal worlds and noumenal. Kant is for the opinion that if morality is acceptable,

History of voice coil of a speaker Research Paper

History of voice coil of a speaker - Research Paper Example A voice coil in a speaker is the loop of a wire connected to the top side of a loudspeaker conduit. Its main function is to give the motive force to the conduit by use of magnetic field created by current passing through it. The common loudspeaker that is currently in use was developed in the 1920s and uses a magnetic force to move a coil that is attached to a diaphragm. Information passing capabilities of a system through a magnetic-core, memory circuits and peripheral magnetic storage and retrieval devices was a challenge that faced traditional scientists. Although the history of voice coil technologies is particularly complex and tumultuous. Voice coil has been made in linear and rotary designs, but the rotary design has become the dominant design because it requires less space (Kamm, 1996). A much less expensive mechanism is a stepper motor, in which a shaft rotates in discrete steps to new positions in response to changes in the surrounding magnetic field. The functioning of the voice coil and related associates is closely related to the history of magnetism. It is recorded that around 1820’s a scientist, Hans Christian, demonstrated that magnetism was linked to electric current through the use of a wire carrying an electric current close to a magnetic field. This caused a deflection of the compass needle, which was being used at the tim e of the experiment (Schilders, Vorst, & Rommes, 2008). It is important to note that current flows causes the emergence of a magnetic field in the neighboring field. The history of voice coil indicates how abstract scientists ideas of this device has been ongoing since the invention of magnetism. Before any concrete advances could be made utilizing magnetism, scientists needed new tools and techniques that could be used to hear sound from a speaker (Brauer, 2006). One of the challenge was an inability to construct novel experimental materials with the

Pay It Forward Essay Example for Free

Pay It Forward Essay Pay It Forward An act of kindness can develop values for both the person receiving the aid and the person offering the support as well as community development. In this summary key points are discussed on altruism. The summary stems from an act of kindness, which was conducted by the author as a student of Capstone Course in Psychology/Psy 490. I presented money to a person who needed money for his or her next meal, without expecting anything in return. A person does not realize the degree of emotions involved in experiencing need nor true concern until he or she begins to offer support with no desire of reward. Altruism, Personal and Professional Social Responsibility, and Codependency Altruism is the act of aiding another without thought of self or reward. Altruism is also the moral obligation to help others (Myers, 2008). These are selfless acts, which grant something to someone else; the ego also desires to develop a responsible identity of self. People also need to identify with personal and professional social responsibility to become mature individuals. According to Chickering and Braskamp (2009), â€Å"a civic and moral identity and sense of obligation to society are more apt to behave in ways, which fulfill individual and social responsibilities† (p. 27). When we cannot fulfill our desires of responsibility codependency can become a reactionary problem where individuals react to problems, pains, lives, and behaviors of themselves and others instead of acting in ways, which are adaptive (Morgan, 1991, p. 724). Applying Altruism to Psychology or Psychological Principles Psychological principles are designed to follow the Code of Conduct and its principles. Psychology practices ethical and humane practices within research as well as promoting mental health. The Code of Conduct is followed strictly by professionals of psychology to uphold the rights of consumers, and to offer help to many of life’s problems. Although psychological approaches are not always acts of giving with no reward, many consumers view psychological interventions as acts of moral obligation. Professionals possess personal and social responsibilities to those in need in the communities. Altruism as it Improves the Human Condition Helping others with no desire for reward is beneficial for the human condition. Performing the act of kindness of providing money for food to someone in need helped to build moral character for both parties involved. The person in need, perhaps has gained knowledge he or she is not alone and others do care about what happens to him or her. The person receiving the gift may reciprocate the act by searching for jobs or applying for social support. The person giving the gift has become responsible to help others; this act can lead to bigger acts in the community of aid to others. Many people in the community practicing altruism can be beneficial in teaching social responsibility to others. In such efforts to promote altruism limits exist in persuading others to become responsible in the plight. Personal and Professional Responsibilities Related to Altruism Altruism is a moral obligation or duty to help others. Responsible individuals are obligated to help those in need, and help provide the direction so he or she may learn independence and responsibility. Psychological professions must uphold a moral character for the reputation of psychology whereas always striving to help clients and patients with social problems. The Future of Psychology in Contemporary Society Society will become more responsible because of psychological interventions. Those individuals who have developed personal and social responsibilities will help others to learn to help themselves. Human society is full of problems, societies’ members cannot expect others not to receive help for their problems. Psychology will play the role of meeting these problems with professional attitudes and awareness. New interventions to promote stronger individual experiences will come from psychology. Altruism will help to mold a society, which eventually will be self-sufficient. Conclusion In conclusion, altruism is a selflessness motive to help others, which can promote betterment for society and lead to personal and social responsibility. Human identity formation must be enriched by experiences, knowledge, and insight or reactionary problems such as codependency can occur. Personal and professional responsibilities to altruism should be conducted without obligation and with awareness of respect and competence. The benefits of altruism to the human condition are immense. Trust and integrity can be learned from acts of kindness. Persons and professionals should always engage altruistic acts for the betterment of social avenues. Psychology’s concepts of preserving future experiences will rely on altruistic codes to promote a healthy future for each member of communities. References Chickering, A., Braskamp, L. A. (2009). Developing a global perspective for personal and social responsibility. Peer Review, 11(4), 27-30. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/216586612?accountid=458 Morgan, J. (1991). What is codependency? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(5), 720-729. Myers, D. G. (2008). Social psychology. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Stability over Everything :: essays research papers

â€Å"Stabilità ¤t à ¼ber alles† The Transition of German and Hungarian Politics since 1989 There can be little doubt when studying the political transition within Germany and Hungary that since 1989 there has been a change in ideology since the collapse of the communist regime in Eastern Europe and the reunification of East and West Germany. Nevertheless it must be acknowledged that the truly astonishing events of 1989/90, â€Å"which even at the beginning of 1989 could not have been predicted, brought about the most exciting and far far-reaching changes in life and society in Germany† and Hungary since 1945. Through the various paradigms Globalization, Europeanisation and Democratisation, we are able to come to an understanding of the politics in transition and also highlight and explain several key aspects of the political, economic, social and cultural life in contemporary Germany and Hungary. The trend of ‘globalization’ is attracting more and more attention and with this is â€Å"transforming the historical approach that â€Å"state, society and economy are, as it were co-extensive within the same national boundaries. The international economic system, in which states draw the borderline between the domestic economy and foreign trade relations, is being metamorphosed into a transnational economy in the wake of the globalization of markets†. These trends are mirrored by the current emphasis of Germany to grow as a major leader within the European Union and Hungary in their approach for acceptance by the European Union as a member. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, we have seen Germany come forward as one of the forefront leaders in the European market. â€Å"From an economic perspective, globalization has brought incontestable welfare gains to Germany and Europe through an enhanced international division of labour† (e.g. trade and investment). â€Å"Yet globalization has also exposed and intensified weaknesses in growth, investment, and innovation in Europe and has led to exceedingly high unemployment rates†. For ten years now â€Å"the German economy, has been transferring DM 150 billion in net payments from the West to the East. This is not a symptom of the economy’s weakness, but rather a symptom of strength, and is maintained by the fact that few economies in the world could do this successfully, and none is required to do so†. Undoubtedly it puts an enormous strain on the German economy, but it is shouldering it well. Even though Germany has been transferring money to the East , it has still managed to register a â€Å"trade surplus of DM 100 billion annually†.

Great Depression and Technology

As Albert Einstein once said â€Å"It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity. † Throughout the years our technology has become more and more advanced, creating more and more inventions. Modern technology has been created to fulfill every human’s needs. With such great advancements it has become convenient for our society to turn to technology for all our questions. We have not realized that day by day technology is taking over us. Many like to argue that it is not true, but if you were to take away every possible form of technology away from them, it would make living for them very difficult. Now a day, technology has played such an important role in our lives that it seems almost impossible for many of us to live without it. Being said, modern technology has produced more inconveniences than conveniences. To begin, with technology constantly advancing, many have become very reliant on it, making technology almost a necessity to a person’s everyday life. Almost everyone owns a car, a computer/laptop, a cell phone, and even higher advanced technology. Everywhere you go, people are either talking on their phone or texting, However, with so much technology being provided to us, it has made us profoundly lazy and too dependent on technology not allowing us to think for ourselves. So not only has modern technology made us lazy but also unintelligent. â€Å"Who can remember the days when you had to go to the library to do research for a research paper, had to pick up the morning newspaper to get the latest news, or had to buy a stamp and put a check in an envelope to pay a bill? In the last 50 years technology has undergone an amazing transformation. But with the emergence of the Internet, is our ability to access technology on a daily basis a good thing or a bad thing? † (Bradley). Bradley clearly states that we no longer do simple tasks on our own; we rely on technology to do them for us. We now use Google or other search engines to look up questions, turn on a televisions to see what is going on around us, and take a picture of a bill on our cell phones to pay it. â€Å"In another 50 years will we still be considered a lazy society? (Bradley). Furthermore, â€Å"Although the proliferation of communications technology has made it easier than to ever to have a conversation with or write a letter to another person, it has also rendered us more isolated. Computers have significantly reduced the amount of face-to-face interaction people once enjoyed. In place of the richness of human contact, many now settle for the comparatively pale pleasures of comp uter social networking† (Wolfe). With social medias like Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter, communicating with one another has become easier than ever. But this may not always be a good thing. People can easily create fake profiles and pretend to be a young man or woman when they can be a crazed rapist or murderer. Not only that but with so many social networks, cyber bullying has increased drastically. People can put whatever they want on the internet which can lower a person's self-esteem causing for them to want to kill themselves. Also, since we communicate so much over social media, it can affect our writing skills. Many people who chat online do not use proper vocabulary. For example, instead of writing okay, they abbreviate it writing OK. This causes us to begin writing in slang when we write papers for school. As a society we should learn face-to-face communication instead of over the internet. As final point, with new advanced machines being created and the machines being capable to do almost anything, there has been an increase in job elimination. Some of these jobs would include those of farm workers and factory workers. â€Å"A technology revolution is fast replacing human beings with machines in virtually every sector and industry in the global economy. Already, millions of workers have been permanently eliminated from the economic process, and whole work categories and job assignments have shrunk, been restructured, or disappeared. Global unemployment has now reached its highest level since the great depression of the 1930s. More than 800 million human beings are now unemployed or underemployed in the world. That figure is likely to rise sharply between now and the turn of the century as millions of new entrants into the workforce find themselves without jobs† (Rifkin). With modern technology taking over the jobs of farm workers, factory workers, etc, people are left jobless. And living in this economy has made it very difficult for people to find new jobs. Like Rotman said, â€Å"Rapid technological change has been destroying jobs faster than it is creating them. † With technology constantly evolving day by day our society has to be more careful than ever to not let it take over us. Although for many of us it may already have.

The Story of My Life in 400 Words

Let me start off by saying that writing essays isn’t really my cup of tea. I find it really difficult to begin as there are so many different ways to do it. I can start with, â€Å"One day†¦Ã¢â‚¬  but then it would be too common. Finding the right way to start a composition, for me, is the most taxing thing in the world to do. Then, there’s also the problem of choosing which items to include and disregard. If the limit of words is four hundred then I must choose the words carefully. Otherwise, I might go over without getting my message across. Do you understand my dilemma? You might find this weird coming from someone who makes students write their stories. If they would only find out then that would make me the laughing-stock of the whole school. I won’t waste your time anymore with this senseless talk and start with what I’m supposed to write about. Everything started one Monday morning in November of 1975. This was when I made my entry to this world. I believe I made my parents really happy just by being here. Then there was elementary. It’s where I learned about social interaction. I discovered that if I’m nice to people then I’ll make more friends but if I’m not, then life will be lonely and miserable. From high school I learned that spending some time in making myself look presentable is important if I want to attract the attention of people from the opposite sex. Oh, yes! There’s also college. In the university, I learned that we really live in a dog eat dog world. Competition is stiff and you must learn to cope otherwise you won’t survive. Despite of this, I learned to really fall in love for the first time. I won’t really go into too much details as I would have to write another 400-word composition for this topic alone. After college, I tried my hand on a lot of different things. Off the top of my head, I remember working as a project assistant, administrative assistant, senior clerk and customer service representative to name just a few. It wasn’t until I tried my hand on teaching that I found my calling. Teaching is not for the weak of heart. You must be able to endure several heartaches and some disappointments before you can reap its rewards. But mind you, the rewards are tremendous. Being able to make a difference in the lives of your students is what it really is about. I can’t think of any other way to live my life.

Computer Models Show How a Black Hole Eats a Star

Computer Models Show How a Black Hole Eats a Star Were all fascinated with black holes. We ask astronomers about them, we read about them in the news. and they show up in TV shows and movies.  However, for all our curiosity about these cosmic beasts, we still dont know everything about them. They flout the rules by being hard to study and detect. Astronomers are still figuring out the exact mechanics of how stellar black holes form when massive stars die. All this is made tougher by the fact that we havent seen one up close. Getting near one (if we could) would be very hazardous. No one would survive even a close brush with one of these high-gravity monsters. So, astronomers do what they can to understand them from a distance. They use light (visible, x-ray, radio, and ultraviolet emissions)  that come from the region around the black hole to make some very shrewd deductions about its mass, spin, its jet,  and other characteristics. Then, they feed all this into computer programs designed to model black hole activity.Computer models based on actual observational data of black holes help them to simulate what happens at black holes, particularly when one gobbles something up. What Does a Black Hole ComputerModel Show Us? Lets say that somewhere in the universe, at the  center of a galaxy like our own Milky Way, theres a black hole. Suddenly an intense flash of radiation flares out from the area of the black hole. What has happened? A nearby star has wandered into accretion disk (the disk of material spiraling into the black hole), crossed the event horizon (the gravitational point of no return around a black hole), and is torn apart by the intense gravitational pull. The stellar gases are heated up as the star is shredded  and that flash of radiation is its last communication to the outside world before it is lost forever. The Tell-Tale Radiation Signature Those radiation signatures are important clues to the very existence of a black hole, which does not give off any radiation of its own. All the radiation we see is coming from the objects and material around it. So, astronomers look for the telltale radiation signatures of matter being gobbled up by black holes:  x-rays or radio emissions, since the events that emit them are very energetic.   After studying black holes in distant galaxies, astronomers noticed that some galaxies suddenly brighten up at their cores and then slowly dim down. The characteristics of the light given off and the dim-down time came to be known as signatures of black hole accretion disks eating nearby stars and gas clouds and giving off radiation. It was, as one astronomer said, Like a black hole putting up a sign that said, Here I am!! Data Makethe Model With enough data on these flareups at the hearts of galaxies, astronomers can use supercomputers  to simulate the dynamic forces at work in the region around a supermassive black hole. What theyve found tells us much about how these black holes work and how often they light up their galactic hosts. For example, a galaxy like our Milky Way with its central black hole might gobble up an average of one star every 10,000 years. The flare of radiation from such a feast fades very quickly, so if we miss the show, we might not see it again for quite a long time. But, there are many galaxies, and so astronomers survey as many as possible to look for radiation outbursts. In the coming years, astronomers will be deluged with data from such projects as Pan-STARRS, GALEX, the Palomar Transient Factory, and other upcoming astronomical surveys. There will be  hundreds of events in their data sets  to explore. That should really boost our  understanding of black holes and the stars around them. Computer models will continue to play a large part in delving into the continuing mysteries of these cosmic monsters.

Exactly How Hard Are AP Tests and Classes

Exactly How Hard Are AP Tests and Classes SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Sure, they can help you get college credit and make your transcript more impressive. But are AP tests hard? The answer isn’t an easy yes or no. You need to consider many factors, including your own academic strengths, your school, and national score statistics. We'll guide you through these different factors and help you decide for yourself how hard AP tests will be! The AP Test Versus the AP Class There are two factors to consider when deciding how hard an AP subject is: the difficulty of the AP exam itself, and how the AP class is taught at your high school. Your score on the exam will affect whether you can get college credit for the class. Your grade in the class will affect your GPA and overall transcript impressiveness. For example, if you’re wondering, "Is AP Biology hard?" the answer depends on a few factors. AP Biology could be a very tough course at one high school but an easy A at another, depending on the teacher and curriculum. The exams, however, are pretty similar year to year. Some are harder than others, though your experience will depend on your personal strengths. In general, all AP classes are challenging and the exams are difficult, since they’re meant to be at the same level of an introductory college class. That said, we'll explore some factors that could make an AP class and test harder or easier. How Hard Is It to Pass an AP Exam? Earning a passing score (3+) on the AP test proves that you mastered the material and are able to study for a college-style cumulative exam. Doing well on the AP exam can help you get college credit and give your college applications a boost. It’s important to think about how hard an AP exam might be for you before signing up for the class. The average passing rate is around 60-70%, so your odds of passing an AP exam are generally good. However, just because the odds are in your favor, that doesn't mean you can slack off- far from it, in fact! The odds of passing with a 5- the highest score- are quite low on any exam: between 10% and 20% for most tests. They are even lower for popular tests, such as both AP English tests and AP US History, which have 5 rates below %. This is likely because a wider pool of exam takers results in more less-prepared students taking the test. Check out the table below to see the 2019 passing rates for all AP exams: Exam Name Passing Rate (3+) 5 Rate Studio Art: Drawing 91.1% 20.8% Spanish Language and Culture 89.0% 24.9% Chinese Language and Culture 88.3% 57.2% Studio Art: 2-D Design 86.4% 21.0% Calculus BC 81.5% 43.2% Physics C: Electricity Magnetism 81.1% 35.9% Seminar 80.7% 6.8% French Language and Culture 76.7% 15.5% Research 76.2% 10.8% Japanese Language and Culture 75.0% 38.2% Computer Science Principles 72.7% 13.6% Spanish Literature 71.9% 9.1% Physics C: Mechanics 71.1% 34.6% German Language and Culture 70.5% 18.4% Studio Art: 3-D Design 70.1% 10.1% Computer Science A 69.9% 27.0% Microeconomics 68.4% 22.2% Gov. and Politics - Comparative 66.2% 22.2% Biology 64.6% 7.1% Italian Language and Culture 64.6% .8% Psychology 64.4% 20.2% Art History 63.9% 12.0% Physics 2 63.5% 12.6% Music Theory 63.4% 20.9% Latin 63.1% 13.1% Statistics 59.2% 14.5% European History 58.4% .7% Calculus AB 58.3% 18.9% Macroeconomics 57.9% 17.6% World History 56.0% 8.7% Gov. and Politics - United States 55.2% 12.9% English Language and Composition 55.1% 10.1% Chemistry 54.6% 10.7% United States History 54.3% 12.1% English Literature and Composition 50.1% 6.2% Environmental Science 49.6% 9.5% Human Geography 49.1% 10.7% Physics 1 44.6% 6.2% Source: College Board. Note that a lot of AP classes self-select for motivated students or students with experience in a subject- especially the ones with ridiculously high pass rates, such as Calculus BC, Chinese, and Physics. Even though these exams have high pass rates, they're are often viewed as some of the hardest AP classes to pass. Also, notice that exams with some of the lowest passing rates, such as Environmental Science and Human Geography, are ones many students say are the easiest. These exams have lower passing rates because younger high school students who are less prepared for AP tests often take these classes. In addition, many students simply underestimate them and don’t study enough. As a result, these exams can be easier to pass, but you have to be prepared to study and not expect to pass without some hard work. If you are studying for a test with a particularly low pass or 5 rate, be sure to do plenty of multiple-choice and free-response practice so you can get that top score. Also, consult our scoring guide to learn how to come up with a target raw score while practicing. Furthermore, instead of just going off the pass rate table only, think about the subjects you’ve traditionally been strong at- these will likely be easier APs for you to pass. On the other hand, if there is a subject you've always struggled with, the AP exam in it will likely be hard for you, even if it seems as though a lot of students are able to pass it every year. How Hard Are AP Classes? So what about the classes themselves? Is AP Chemistry hard? Is AP Psychology hard? How about Statistics or English? How hard an AP class itself will be for you is important to consider. In general, a B in an AP class is more impressive than an A in a regular course. However, if your GPA is getting dragged down by a bunch of AP classes, that’s not the best outcome either. After all, your GPA is very important in college admissions and is used to calculate your chance at getting scholarships, too. Therefore, you want to make sure that you challenge yourself but don’t spread yourself too thin. Of course, getting an A in an AP class is ideal. The difficulty of an AP class will depend on your school and its grading policy (some schools weigh AP classes so getting lower than an A won’t necessarily drop your GPA below a 4.0). AP class difficulty also varies a lot from teacher to teacher. Some teachers won’t assign a lot of work but will expect you to study on your own. Others will keep you busy with nightly assignments, practice tests, and projects. As an example, I took both World History and US History AP courses in high school. Both AP tests are considered difficult: you have to learn a ton of material and also be able to write quality free-response answers in a short amount of time. However, even though the tests were similarly hard, these two AP history classes were taught very differently at my school. For AP World History, we were given reading assignments out of the textbook and unit tests, but there were not many daily assignments or projects. Basically, we were expected to keep up with the material on our own, and, as a result, I had to independently handle much of my own studying for the test. For US History, we had textbook readings, outlines, vocabulary lists, and research projects. Our teacher also held many after-school and Saturday study sessions. The class itself kept me very busy, but the assignments were important practice for the AP test, and so there was less I had to do on my own. World History was fairly easy to get an A in but a tough test to pass. By contrast, US History was tough to get an A in and a tough test to pass. There is no right way to teach an AP class. But as a student, you should be aware of your strengths and limitations. Do you do better directing your own studying, or is it helpful for you to have daily assignments to force you to stay on top of things? Being able to answer this question will help you choose AP classes that play to your strengths, and also let you get good grades and pass the exam. In general, there is a lot of material to cover in AP classes, so they tend to be more challenging than regular classes- especially courses like AP Calculus, AP Biology, AP Physics, US and World History, and English. These are all much harder than their regular or honors equivalents. Some exceptions are AP US Government, which some schools cover in a semester because there is less material, and AP Environmental Science, which has less memorization than AP Biology and AP Chemistry do. Still, how hard any one AP class will be ultimately depends on your school and the teacher. Find out about the teacher and curriculum of an AP class before signing up to make sure it’s a good fit for you and your study style. (See our post on which AP class you should take to learn more about scoping out classes.) How to Decide Whether an AP Class Is Too Hard for You It's often difficult to determine whether an AP class will be too difficult for you. Here are some tips to lend you a hand for both before and after you sign up for an AP class. Before You Sign Up for an AP Class ... #1: Think About the Classes You've Already Taken For example, in order to take AP Biology, most schools require students to take regular or honors biology first. The more background knowledge you have of a certain subject, the more likely you'll do well in its corresponding AP class. If you don't have a ton of prerequisites for an AP class, think carefully about whether the class will be out of your reach. It'd be very tough to take on, say, AP Physics, if you've never taken a physics course before! #2: Can You Find a Copy of the AP Syllabus? Looking at the AP class's current syllabus can help you find out what the workload is like and how the teacher integrates practice AP exams into the course. You can also talk to current students and ask about their experiences in the class. #3: Find Out the Passing Rate for the AP Test at Your School If the passing rate for the AP test is low, recognize that you might have to put in a lot of work on your own in order to pass it. If it’s a high pass rate, though, that’s a good sign that the teacher has a strong AP-prep curriculum in place. #4: See Whether There's a Summer Assignment Many AP classes kick off with work over the summer. If you already have summer plans that will make it hard to complete the work, think carefully about whether you can fit that class into your schedule. After You Sign Up for an AP Class ... #1: Evaluate How Things Are Going at Your First Midterm What’s your grade so far in the class? How are you doing with the teacher’s style? How well are you getting the material? Consider dropping to the regular class if you are seriously struggling, but try to push through the first marking period. Just make sure that you don’t pass your school’s class- change deadline! #2: Reevaluate at the End of the First Term If, by the end of the first quarter/trimester, your grade hasn’t improved or you don’t think you are understanding the material, seriously consider dropping to the regular version of the course. It’s not worth taking the AP exam if you’re certain you won’t pass- and it’s definitely not worth damaging your GPA over an AP test you won’t pass! #3: Before Dropping, Explore Extra Resources Don't just drop an AP class right away; rather, try to explore other resources available to you, such as in-school tutoring, private tutoring, online resources, and study groups. If meeting with a study group once a week or doing your own online practice problems helps you keep up with an AP class, then consider pushing through. However, if you try adding an outside resource and are still seriously struggling to understand the material and make it through the class, it's better to just drop to regular and focus your efforts on other advanced classes. What’s Next? Read our guides to learn more about AP tests, such as how long they are and how can you deal with exhaustion. Also, learn about how AP tests are scored. The first step to getting a 5 is finding out the minimum raw score you need to earn one! Have you taken the ACT or SAT yet? Not sure which one you’ll do best on? Read our guide to choose the test that’s right for you. If you've taken the SAT and want to improve your score, check out our guides to improving your Reading, Writing, and Math scores. Taking the ACT instead? Learn the vocabulary you need to know, all the most important grammar rules, and how to write an ACT essay. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Skin cancer ( Health Professional Practice 1) Article

Skin cancer ( Health Professional Practice 1) - Article Example Article-1: De Launey, J. (1996). The sun and the skin cancer. Current therapeutics, 30- 39. The article by De Launey (1996) provides and over view of the role of sun in the development of skin cancer. According to De Launey (1996), all forms of skin cancers are becoming significant causes of morbidity among human beings. There are basically 2 types of skin cancers and they are melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Non-melanoma skin cancers include Bowen's disease,actinic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and keratoacanthoma. The author opines that the incidence of malignant melanoma is doubling every year and that even non-melanoma cancers are on rise and hence general practitioners must be aware of these types of cancer so that early recognition and prompt treatment is possible. According to the author, significant risks for malignant melanoma are sudden burning exposures especially in the first two decades of life. Thus, prevention of skin cancer is possibl e only through recognition of significant risk factors which include non-black skins and those living in areas of high sunlight exposure. prevention is mainly by limiting the number of hours of outdoor exposure and by wearing sun protective clothing and broad spectrum sunscreens 15 plus with skin protection factor containing UVA and UVB blockers. Along with these salient features, the author also describes individual types of cancer and their histopathological features. He also discussed clinical presentation, prognosis and treatment strategies. I strongly recommend that general practitioners and other health professionals must be aware of the types of skin cancers described in this article and various preventive measures that can be applied with assertion. Since protective factors are very essential during the first 2 decades of life, pediatricians must educate the parents of their patients about risks associated with sun exposure and strategies to prevent them. Article-2: De Herto g, S.A.E., Wensveen, C. A.H., Bastiens, M.T., et al. (2001). Relation Between Smoking and Skin Cancer. J Clin Oncol., 19, 231-238. The main purpose of study by De Hertog et al (2001) is to investigate, ascertain and evaluate the risk of skin cancer in those who are exposed to tobacco smoking. This study is in the wake of unknown risk estimates of cancer with tobacco smoking. The study is a hospital based case-control study in which patients with different types of skin cancers were put in the study group and those without cancer in the control group. Personal interviews were done and information about smoking history was collected. Based on relative risk estimation, it was evident that there does exist an association between smoking and squamous cell carcinoma and the risk was higher among current smokers. A dose-response relationship was found between the number of cigarettes or pipes smoked. Other forms of skin cancer were not associated with smoking. The authors concluded that sm oking is an independent risk factor for cutaneous squamous cell cancer. The authors discussed that smoke is a skin carcinogen and can affect the skin either locally or systemically. It contains several classes of compounds with demonstrated carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic activity, including nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, unsaturated aldehydes, and phenolic compounds. these can cause genetic mutations and contribute to development of cancer. in my opinion, this study provides

Strategic IT Plan PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic IT Plan - PowerPoint Presentation Example Health Information Technology is a core pillar of the healthcare system. This paper develops a strategy for Walgreens Company pharmacies to achieve an integrated and fully deployed system of Health Information Technology. The Walgreens Company is the largest pharmacy chain in the United States that was founded in 1901 and is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. Besides having over 7000 pharmacies in all the 50 states, Walgreens Company has pharmacies in Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia (Bacon, 2004, pp. 12-17). Walgreens Company has retail pharmacies, health and wellness divisions and a health services division that provide pharmacy, goods, services, health and wellness its consumers. Through Walgreens Home Care Inc, Senior Med LLC and Walgreens Specialty Pharmacy LLC, Walgreens Health Services offers medical plans and prescription drugs to pharmacy patients. The Walgreens Company is a pharmacy practice that ensures the effective and safe use of pharmaceutical drugs and links chemical sciences with health sciences. Walgreens Company compounds and dispenses medication, offers clinical services, provides drug information and reviews medications for effectiveness and safety. Being a pharmacy, Wal greens Company is an expert in drug therapy who provides patients with positive health outcomes by optimizing medication use. Walgreens Company should ensure that all its pharmacies have access to electronic tools, irrespective of location or financial capacity. Computerization of health records has come slowly to the healthcare industry. However, most health care practitioners have adopted some forms of computerization. It is essential that all Walgreens Company pharmacies adopt, acquire and implement electronic medical records into their operations. This will allow for the eventual sharing of clinical information with patients and their families and across the

Boarding Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Boarding Schools - Essay Example Sometimes referred to as "intentional communities", the faculty and staff strive to create a secure environment for students that is academically challenging, active, and fun. Boarding schools are also well-known for academic excellence, with small class sizes, diverse curricula, and individual attention from teachers and advisors making the boarding school experience affords students numerous significant advantages as students acquire the abilities that help ensure success in college and in life (TABS, 2004). It was proposed that during the academic year, boarding schools become extended families where teachers and students live and learn together. It is a functional 24-hour community of close-knit environment allowing the faculty to seize every teachable moment, whether in the classroom, on the playing field or court, or in the dormitory (TABS, 2004). In a historical and gender-specific perspective, Rogers (1995) provided a view on how boarding schools of the nineteenth century France imparted knowledge and values that were considered necessary for specific role such as motherhood. Levy (1985) explored the prescriptive literature on education while specific institutions also examined rule-books, conditions of admission, the social clientele and ideology behind educational reforms (Nobecourt, 1981). Rogers (1995) considered the very structured nature of school life and linked it with boarding school rules controlling the student's behaviour on a daily basis. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the setting clearly indicated teachers worked with monitors within the boarding schools to instil a shared sense of value: virtues of obedience, selflessness, and interdependence. Strategic responses of students were also considered illustrating among others how students adapted to an environment of constant surveillance. Rogers (1995) noted that students elaborated a sense of identity within the schoolgirl culture that challenged both the implicit and explicit messages within schools. While the study (Rogers, 1995) was based on a diary of a girl in a boarding school, it provided insights that emphasise the enforcement of institutional regulations constraining the appearance, movement and thoughts of the learner while there is also the importance on the view for dynamic relationship between individuals and social/institutional structures (Foucault, 1975) that are clearly indicated in Kahane's (1988) proposal. The study (Rogers, 1995) found that based on the diary of a French girl, the learner was forced to rely almost entirely on her teachers and school friends for emotional support representing not only academic subjects but home, family and community as well . As earlier established, the French boarding school during the nineteenth century was outwardly austere where warmth lorded it over to discipline as rules and regulations dominate. The boarding schools for both male and female adopted rule-books that prescribed how each moment of the day was spent including

Agency Theory Versus Stewardship Theory Accounting Essay

Agency Theory Versus Stewardship Theory Accounting Essay Jensen and Meckling (1976) defined an agency correlation as a contractual set-up under which the business owner or the principal engaged a manager or the agent to execute some service on his behalf and may usually entail some decision making exclusively by the agent. The agency theory revolves on the basic proposition about humans, which deals with principals and agents as self-oriented focusing on exploiting their personal advantage (Corbetta and Salvato, 2004; Chua, Steier and Chrisman, 2006). Shleifer and Vishny (1986) explain the agency context in which the financiers needed the agents specialization to obtain maximum returns from their funds, meanwhile the managers since they do not have enough capital on their own would utilize the finances of its principal. Agency theory described managers as opportunistic (Wasserman, 2006) by seizing its optimum advantage for his appointment and role as the mover in the firm for its own benefit, at the expense of the principal (Shulze, Lubatk in Dino, 2003). Both parties goal is to gain that personal advantage in every way possible with the least outlay and expenditure. These expenditures are defined as agency costs (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). This is the total of cash outflows made by the principal for its organization be it in budget proportions, auditing, or employee honorariums; the expenses incurred by the agent for income generating projects and the marginal loss due to the decline in the expected income of the principal as caused by the resulted deviation of motives between the agents resolution and the main goal of the principal to obtain maximum returns from its investments. Thus, high conflicting of interests between the principals and agents that resulted from information asymmetry is the main statement in an agency theory (Davis, Schoorman and Donaldson, 1997). Asymmetry of information between the two parties is displayed when the manager align his capabilities with the expected outcome, result and rationality of the princip al (not knowing his own abilities) leads to satisfying decision-making on the part of the principal while this is an example of adverse selection for the agent (Karra, Tracey and Phillips, 2006). More often than not, this leads to a number of non-satisfactory overall performances of the manager which will in due time lead to the destruction of the firm and the reputation of the agent (Jensen, 2004). As well as for the principals, their incapability of selecting candidates that acts appropriately in all circumstances are proofs of adverse selection. The outcome always entails an ambiguous job description on both parties. Nevertheless, there are still some factors that the agency theory fails to point out, other than motivational or self-gratitude. These maybe are the intrinsic inability or low ability, poor knowledge on business and misinformation of agents that resulted in their failure to deliver high performance for their principals (Davis, Schoorman and Donaldson, 1997). Moral hazard as described by Chrisman, Chua and Litz (2004) is another agency problem confronted by the corporate governance. Its another kind of opportunism which includes utilizing, seizing and assuming all extra benefits from a delegated authority to rule in behalf of the principal. Since it is difficult for the principal to monitor agents, this authority is undeniably has a chance of being abused or misused by the managers. This problems solution is to adapt a good monitoring system and internal self-governance by the principal which entails agency cost (Eisenhardt, 1989). As discussed by Berle and Means in 1932, a company does not behave based with the conventional model in which the agents must act in the best interest of the owners of the firm. Most likely as a consequence, the principal then would guarantee that the managers would act in their best interest. The idea of formulating a contract is relied upon by the agency theory to align the motives of both parties concerned. The goal is to balance the intention by allocating maximized values for shareholders and added incentives and benefits for the managers. Committee audits and performance evaluations by the board may act as effective authority tool for monitoring and scrutinizing potentially opportunistic agents (Mustakallio, Autio and Zahra, 2002). This internal governance system as a solution to ensure the compliance of the agents bounded by the contract will simultaneously be given to a non-executive sect who will be composed of auditors, supervisors and other structural arrangements. This non-executive part of the ownership structure serves as the middle man interconnecting the principal and the agent having a role in monitoring, thereby extending an enormous effect in the change or variation in control (Denis, 2001). In relation to corporate governance, legitimate actions against deceits and other modes of fraudulence may provide some fortification on the part of the principal. Economic analysis suggests that incorporating these solutions to the firm may considerably eliminate opportunism. But there are still factors that need to be considered in this special structure of the firm that is created for internal governance of which other forms of opportunism may arose in those entrusted with responsibility to check on the managers of the firm. The study made by Yermack in 1999 suggests that the board particularly its composition as an authority to monitor managers has an effect on the governance mechanism. The study on the effect of small board of directors in a company got the significant result that there is a positive correlation of this small size to greater market valuation of a company. Meanwhile, Hannifa and Hudaib (2006) stands with the result of Yermack showing results based on more than 300 companies listed in Malaysia which proposed that a large board is less efficient in auditing the performance of the managers compared to a smaller one. Moreover, this huge composition of the board is quite expensive for the companies to maintain in terms of honorariums, commissions and compensation. But in terms of profit and company growth, the large board may seem to be of importance because of the diversity in experiences, knowledge and accountability. Nevertheless, the study made by Guest in 2009, showed a strong result on the non-relation of the large board size to the firm performance however they also robustly imply that they dont suggest to restrict large boards to obtain a better firm performance. All these efforts executed by principals to avoid agency problems, minding the fact that there are still managers that wont deliver exactly what theyre expected to, entails agency costs as discussed. Often, the goal of the principal is to minimize agency costs and focus on profit even if not in growth. Here comes the conflict of organizing the principal-agent relationship (Shapiro, 2005) wherein the idea is exemplified but the measures are often inadequate, thus the alignment of the interests of the principal and manager is hardly ever absolute. A control-oriented firm is then considered necessary under agency theory which suggests that agents will not act to take full advantage of the returns to the principal if and only if systematic self-governance mechanisms are implemented in the firm to protect the shareholders interest (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). Stewardship theory In 1993, Block believes that firms implementing stewardship by front-running service instead of self-interest are those that are most effective in corporate governance. He believes that both the firm and individual needs will be greatly achieved by establishing trust-relationships and treating subordinates as partners. Preston (1998) added a definition of Stewardship Theory to exemplify humane duties owed to all partners that recognizes the importance of a systematic fit of corporate governance considering the elements of its environment. Hosmer in 1996 identifies the need to augment the economic and social responsibilities in governance by recognizing the moral and ethical issues inherent in the stewardship theory. The managers role in stewardship theory is to maximize the potential of the firm and to pursue long-term wealth acquisition with organizational and individual desires best accomplished by assessing collective ends (Hosmer, 1996). The goal is on assuming accountability and responsibility for the organizational community. The model of a manager should be as a steward whose behavior is ordered and organizational; whose collectivistic behavior is of higher reverence than individualistic, self-serving conduct (Albanese, et al 1997). They exemplify that man being intelligent makes rational, not irrational decisions, unlike agency proposers who dispute stewardship. Stewardship theory view employees as assets of the firm as the agency did but they differ in their treatment of the human natures motivation and ability of control. A true steward is driven by his need of self-actualization, growth and achievement without being opportunistic and self-interested in his performance (Mejia et al., 2001). Stewardship ideology proposes that corporate governance structures should exercise advanced authority and prudence. (Davis et al, 1997) .The proponents discussed that high-level of authority and discretion is attained when the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) also assume the position of Chairman of the Board. Stewardship principle argues that the issue is whether or not the ownership structure assists and facilitates in the management achievement of high corporate and firm performance. When the CEO is also the chairman of the board, the organization will be facilitative of this objective letting them assume apparent, clear and objective role expectations and authorize and empower higher and greater management. Thus, stewardship theory is not centralized on self-motivation through own financial gain, but the assumption of two roles as the chairman, at the same time as the manager of the corporation will produce superior results and maximized returns to the shareholders than separation of the roles of the chair and CEO as exemplified by the agency theory. Duality of these roles is considered a functional from in stewardship perspective. According to Fama (1980), being an effective steward of their firm, CEOs and managers are also effectively managing their own assets and careers. Stewardship, however, has its own set of limitations and gaps. Since it is trust-based relationships, it assumes underlying informal agreements and not most of the time, the functional logic or prà ©cised obligations (Mejia et al., 2001). Some authors ( Habbershon, 2006; Miller and Miller, 2005) argue that altruism mainly a compliment of stewardship might be influential in establishing an enormous network for the firm in its early stages, as employing a wide network of trustees or of relatives in cases of a family corporation (less concerned on their specifications) minimizing agency costs compared to a non-family member (Mejia et al., 2001).However, in the long run as the firm becomes more established, the need for well adept and professional managers arise to cope up with the competition thereby expect an increase in the agency costs. In essence, the organizations over all environment systems influence the inclination of managers. In an organization which houses the philosophy for self-actualization and involve employee-owners association, managers are inclined towards the stewardship perspective. Furthermore, collectivist behavior and non-power distance cultures encourages stewardship principles (Davis, Schoorman and Donaldson, 1997). Agency Theory vs. Stewardship Theory Agency theory concentrates primarily on the association between the principal and the agents in corporations, having a formal and contractual nature of relationship however with the presumed goal indifference and incongruence of interest (Sharma, 1997). Meanwhile, Stewardship theory is involved mainly in analyzing the importance of the co-existence of trust-based relationships along with agency relations in firms (Corbetta and Salvato, 2004). The stewardship approach, which encompasses commitment and trust to shared goals and desires exhibited by the principal and the manager alike, aligns the interest of the two parties (Albanese, Dacin and Harris, 1997). In 1997 Davis, Shoorman and Donaldson provided two key points that differentiated the Agency and Stewardship theories. These are the motivation and power comparison. In an agency type, the manager is motivated by personal interests and extrinsic rewards. In the stewardship, the manager is motivated by the human need for intellectual growth, achievement, and self-actualization, and by intrinsic rewards. In an agency theory, the power is institutionally directed while in the stewardship, it is based on personal ability and power to run the particular organization. Davis, et al (1997) argue that the two theories are not mutually exclusive but create a link between agency and stewardship relationships. Clearly, the stewardship theory provided a room for the failures and gaps in the agency theory. A manager of a firm may choose what type of inclination he is up to particularly in decision making as long as these three assumptions are supplemented. First the decision must be mutually agreed upon by both the principal and the agent. Secondly, it will always depend on the situation, and third objective is the expectations of the parties involved. Basing on the result of their study of 22 matrices on the possibilities of the actuations of the principal and agent, the agent can either opt to perform in an agency or in a steward fashion, and so can the principal. There can be four possibilities of outcome in the governance using the link between agency and stewardship and depending on the choice of the concerned parties. Two of which are a concrete exa mple of the agency theory where both have selected to uplift their self-interests and a true stewardship principle which maximize organizational performance. Other two possibilities of outcome which will result in one party taking advantage over the other and one recourse to injustice will result to low performance on the other party. When the principal acts as the steward and the manager acts as an agent, and on the other hand when the principal becomes opportunistic and the manager acts as a steward, which could pave the way for the frustration and declined feelings of self-worth to the aggravated party. The study on the relationship of these theories is very broad, thereby some wouldnt agree to the findings of Davis. According to Albanese, Dacin, and Harris (1997) there is a distinction between agency theory and the agency problem of divided self interest. They discussed that stewardship simply refined and advanced agency theory, it does not present an alternative. Eisenhardts (1 989) review shows that agency theory was continually developed and is studied thoroughly with the incongruent self-interests of the principal-agent as the fundamental supposition. Summary The agency model and stewardship model of the firm provide two different angles for understanding the governance of a firm, its decision making, its internal relationships, and its external relationships. This review advocates that the principal or manager acting as a steward, and employing people with similar expectations, is more in line with the traits needed for an organization to succeed like proper motivation, personal and company growth and self-actualization, thus increasing the potential for maximizing the performance of the firm. Moreover, the advantage of the stewardship model over that of the agency is that it presents managers an organized different array of motivations which could potentially include the interests of all relevant firm movers (Preston 1998).